000			07838nam a22001697a 4500
005			20220913104930.0
008			220913b |||||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
020			_a9780198505891
082			_a530.413 _bJON
100			_a Jones, Richard A. L
245			_aSoft condensed matter
260			_aOxford, _bOxford University Press _c 2002
300			_a195P
505			_a Introduction and overview 1 (4) What is soft condensed matter? 1 (1) Soft matter---an overview 2 (3) Forces, energies, and timescales in condensed matter 5 (20) Introduction 5 (1) Gases, liquids, and solids 5 (5) Intermolecular forces 5 (3) Condensation and freezing 8 (2) Viscous, elastic, and viscoelastic behaviour 10 (6) The response of matter to a shear stress 10 (3) Understanding the mechanical response of matter at a molecular level 13 (3) Liquids and glasses 16 (9) Practical glass-forming systems 16 (1) Relaxation time and viscosity in glass-forming liquids 17 (1) The experimental glass transition 18 (3) Understanding the glass transition 21 (4) Phase transitions 25 (24) Phase transitions in soft matter 25 (1) Liquid-liquid unmixing---equilibrium phase diagrams 26 (6) Interfaces between phases and interfacial tension 31 (1) Liquid-liquid unmixing---kinetics of phase separation 32 (9) Two mechanisms of phase separation 32 (1) Spinodal decomposition 33 (4) Nucleation 37 (1) Growth in the late stages of phase separation 38 (3) The liquid-solid transition---freezing and melting 41 (8) Kinetics of the liquid-solid transition---homogeneous nucleation 42 (2) Kinetics of the liquid-solid transition---heterogeneous nucleation 44 (1) Solidification---stability of a growing solidification front 45 (4) Colloidal dispersions 49 (24) Introduction 49 (1) A single colloidal particle in a liquid---Stokes' law and Brownian motion 50 (2) Stokes' law 50 (1) Brownian motion and the Einstein equation 50 (2) Forces between colloidal particles 52 (10) Interatomic forces and interparticle forces 52 (1) Van der Waals forces 53 (5) Electrostatic double-layer forces 58 (2) Stabilising polymers with grafted polymer layers 60 (1) Depletion interactions 61 (1) Stability and phase behaviour of colloids 62 (6) Crystallisation of hard-sphere colloids 62 (3) Colloids with longer ranged repulsion 65 (1) Colloids with weakly attractive interactions 66 (1) Colloids with strongly attractive interactions 67 (1) Flow in concentrated dispersions 68 (5) Polymers 73 (22) Introduction 73 (1) The variety of polymeric materials 73 (4) Polymer chemistry 74 (1) Stereochemistry 75 (1) Architecture 76 (1) Copolymers 76 (1) Physical state 77 (1) Random walks and the dimensions of polymer chains 77 (8) The freely jointed chain and its Gaussian limit 78 (1) Real polymer chains---short-range correlations 79 (1) Excluded volume, the theta temperature, and coil-globule transitions 80 (2) Chain statistics in polymer melts---the Flory theorem 82 (1) Measuring the size of polymer chains 82 (2) Polymers at interfaces---adsorbed and grafted chains 84 (1) Rubber elasticity 85 (1) Viscoelasticity in polymers and the reptation model 86 (9) Characterising the viscoelastic behaviour of polymers 86 (2) Linear viscoelasticity and the Boltzmann superposition principle 88 (1) The temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties: time-temperature superposition 88 (1) Viscoelasticity: experimental results for monodisperse linear polymer melts 89 (1) Entanglements 90 (1) The tube model and the theory of reptation 91 (2) Modifications to reptation theory 93 (2) Gelation 95 (9) Introduction 95 (1) Classes of gel 96 (1) Chemical gels 96 (1) Physical gels 97 (1) The theory of gelation 97 (7) The percolation model 97 (1) The classical theory of gelation---the Flory-Stockmayer model 98 (2) Non-classical exponents in the percolation model 100 (1) The elasticity of gels 100 (4) Molecular order in soft condensed matter---liquid crystallinity 104 (25) Introduction 104 (1) Introduction to liquid crystal phases 105 (2) The nematic/isotropic transition 107 (4) Distortions and topological defects in liquid crystals 111 (3) Generalised rigidity and the elastic constants of a nematic liquid crystal 111 (1) Boundary effects 112 (1) Disclinations, dislocations, and other topological defects 113 (1) The electrical and magnetic properties of liquid crystals 114 (2) The Frederiks transition and liquid crystal displays 116 (2) Polymer liquid crystals 118 (11) Rigid polymers 118 (1) Helix coil transitions 118 (4) The isotropic/nematic transition for ideal hard rods 122 (4) Transitions in real lyotropic systems 126 (1) Thermotropic liquid crystal phases 126 (3) Molecular order in soft condensed matter---crystallinity in polymers 129 (7) Introduction 129 (1) Hierarchies of structure 129 (2) Chain-folded crystals 131 (5) Supramolecular self-assembly in soft condensed matter 136 (23) Introduction 136 (1) Self-assembled phases in solutions of amphiphilic molecules 136 (15) Why oil and water do not mix 136 (1) Aggregation and phase separation 137 (2) The aggregation of amphiphilic molecules 139 (3) Spherical micelles and the CMC 142 (1) Cylindrical micelles 142 (2) Bilayers and vesicles 144 (1) The elasticity and fluctuations of membranes 145 (2) The phase behaviour of concentrated amphiphile solutions 147 (3) Complex phases in surfactant solutions and microemulsions 150 (1) Self-assembly in polymers 151 (8) Phase separation in polymer mixtures and the polymer/polymer interface 152 (3) Microphase separation in copolymers 155 (1) Block copolymer phase diagrams 156 (3) Soft matter in nature 159 (19) Introduction 159 (1) The components and structures of life 160 (1) Nucleic acids 161 (4) Proteins 165 (8) Primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of proteins 165 (2) Protein folding 167 (3) Interactions between proteins: misfolding, aggregation, and crystallisation 170 (2) Protein misfolding, gelation, and amyloidogenesis 172 (1) Polysaccharides 173 (1) Membranes 174 (4) A Some results from statistical mechanics 178 (4) Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 178 (1) Energy, entropy, and temperature 179 (1) Free energy and the Gibbs function 180 (1) The chemical potential 181 (1) B The distribution function of an ideal random walk 182 (3) Direct enumeration of the statistical weight 182 (1) Random walks and the diffusion equation 183 (2) C Answers to selected problems 185 (1) C Answers to selected problems 185 (4) Chapter 2 185 (1) Chapter 3 185 (1) Chapter 4 186 (1) Chapter 5 186 (1) Chapter 6 187 (1) Chapter 7 187 (1) Chapter 8 187 (1) Chapter 9 187 (1) Chapter 10 188 (1) Bibliography 189 (4) Index 193
520			_aMany materials are neither simple liquids nor crystalline solids of the type studied in other branches of solid state physics, and instead are conveniently classified as 'soft condensed matter'. Examples include glues, paints, soaps, polymer melts and most materials of biological origin. This book offers a coherent and clear introduction to the properties and behaviour of soft matter. It begins with a treatment of the general underlying principles: the relation of the structure and dynamics of solids and liquids to intermolecular forces, the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions, and the principles of self-assembly. Then the specific properties of colloids, polymers, liquid crystals and self-assembling amphiphilic systems are treated within this framework. A concluding chapter illustrates how principles of soft matter physics can be used to understand properties of biological systems
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