Measurement Systems

Introduction

Measurement System Architecture

Errors in Measurements

Standards Used in Measurements

Chapter Summary

Problems

Analog Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation

Introduction

Differential Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers

Analog Active Filter Applications Using Conventional Op-Amps

Instrumentation Amplifiers

Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by Op-Amps and by Special

Function Modules

Charge Amplifiers

Phase-Sensitive Rectifiers

Chapter Summary

Problems

Noise and Coherent Interference in Measurements

Introduction

Descriptions of Random Noise in Circuits

Propagation of Gaussian Noise through Linear Filters

Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers

Spot Noise Factor and Figure

Transformer Optimization of Amplifier Fspot and Output SNR

Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers

Examples of Calculations of the Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain

Signal Conditioning Systems

Modern, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Use in Instrumentation

Signal-Conditioning Systems

Coherent Interference and Its Minimization

Chapter Summary

Problems

DC Null Methods of Measurement

Introduction

Wheatstone Bridge Analysis

Kelvin Bridge

Anderson Constant Current Loop

Potentiometers

Chapter Summary

Problems

AC Null Measurements

Introduction

Components: Inductor Equivalent Circuits

Components: Capacitor Equivalent Circuits

AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges

AC Bridges

Chapter Summary

Problems

Survey of Sensor Mechanisms

Introduction

Categories of Sensor Mechanisms

Fiber-Optic Sensors

Photomultiplier Tubes and Related Photoelectron Multiplication Devices

Ionizing Radiation Sensors

Electrochemical Sensors

Mechano-Optical Sensors

Chapter Summary

Problems

Applications of Sensors to Physical Measurements

Introduction

Measurement of Angular Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement

Measurement of Linear Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, and Position

Measurement of Force and Torque

Pressure Measurements

Introduction to Substance Detection and Measurement Using Photons

Other Means of Substance Detection

Temperature Measurements

Chapter Summary

Problems

Basic Electrical Measurements

Introduction

DC Voltage Measurements

Measurement of Static Electric Fields and the Potential of Charged Surfaces

DC Measurements

AC Voltage Measurements

AC Measurements

Magnetic Field Measurements

Phase Measurements

Measurements of Frequency and Period (Time)

Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance

Vector Impedance Meters

Chapter Summary

Problems

Digital Interfaces in Measurement Systems

Introduction

Sampling Theorem

Quantization Noise

Dithering

DACs

Hold Operation

ADCs

IEEE- Instrumentation Bus (GPIB)

Serial Data Communications Links

CAMAC (IEEE-) Modular Instrumentation Standard and the VXI

Modular Instrumentation Architecture

How Transmission Lines Affect the Transfer of Digital Data

Data Transmission on Fiber-Optic Cables

Virtual Instruments

Chapter Summary

Problems

Introduction to Digital Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation

Introduction

Digital Filters and the z-Transform

Some Simple DSP Algorithms

Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms and Their Applications

Digital Routines for Interpolating Discrete Data

Chapter Summary

Problems

Solid-State Chemical Microsensors and Wireless Instrumentation

Introduction

Chemical Microsensor Designs

Electronic Noses

Radio ICs for Wireless Data Transmission

Wireless Patient Monitoring Systems

Power Sources for Wireless Sensors, Effectors, and WDX

Absorbable Electronic Circuit Implants

Chapter Summary

Problems

Introduction to Mechanical Microsensors

Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems

MEM Accelerometer and Pressure Sensor ICs

MEM Rate Gyros

Cantilever-Like MEMS and NEMS and Their Applications

Chapter Summary

Problems

Examples of the Design of Measurement Systems

Introduction

Self-Nulling, Microdegree Resolution Polarimeter to Measure Glucose in Bioreactors

Design of a System to Detect, Measure, and Locate Partial Discharges in High-Voltage Coaxial Power Cables

Design of a Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, Pulsed Laser Ranging System and Velocimeter

Design of Capacitive Sensors for the Detection of Hidden Objects

This edition includes material on modern integrated circuit (IC) and photonic sensors, micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) and nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) sensors, chemical and radiation sensors, signal conditioning, noise, data interfaces, and basic digital signal processing (DSP), and upgrades every chapter with the latest advancements. It contains new material on the designs of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors, adds two new chapters on wireless instrumentation and microsensors, and incorporates extensive biomedical examples and problems.